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1
In recent years, there¡¯s been a sharp decline in honeybee numbers. By some measures the wild population has nearly disappeared, and if honeybees were to become extinct, we would be in trouble. Approximately one-third of the food we eat comes from plants *pollinated by insects, and honeybees perform 80% of that job. If honeybees were to stop pollinating our crops, the consequences would be disastrous. If it were not for these pollinators, our food supply would be severely threatened, and an ecosystem would be destroyed. In fact, Einstein once predicted that if the bee population died out, humankind would not last more than four years. Clearly, a decrease in honeybees means more than just our honey supply is being threatened. * pollinate: ¼öºÐÇÏ´Ù(¼ö¼úÀÇ ²É°¡·ç°¡ ¾Ï¼ú¸Ó¸®¿¡ ¿Å°ÜºÙ°Ô ÇÏ´Ù)
2
When our ears hear a threatening sound approaching us, our brains make us believe that the source of the sound will reach us sooner than it actually will.
(A) If we were to be threatened by approaching danger, those in weaker physical condition would rely more on escape to survive. Therefore, their brains encourage them to flee sooner.
(B) Recently, however, researchers have discovered that the length of the escape time our brains provide depends on our physical fitness. The weaker we are, the longer our escape time.
(C) In this way, our brains give us extra time to decide to escape if a threat is coming our way. Scientists have known this phenomenon for some time.
3
I see a funny face drawn in the sand. It¡¯s smiling at me, with round eyes, a wide smile, and a short funny nose. Most likely the child who drew it has loving parents who have brought him on holiday to the seaside. They¡¯ve surely given him everything that I¡¯ve never had. He¡¯s probably staying in a fancy hotel and even if he isn¡¯t, he¡¯s still living better than I am. I wish I could stay in a nice hotel too, but I can¡¯t. That child must have everything he needs to make his life happy. I wish I had had all those things.
4
It seems like everyone is concerned with their body image these days. But even when people manage to lose a lot of weight, they often find themselves still unsatisfied with the way they look. Their skin might appear loose due to the weight loss or they might dislike the shape of their thinner body. Some even continue to see themselves as though they were still overweight. People sometimes use the phrase ¡°phantom fat¡± to describe this phenomenon of _____________________. They are unable to leave their former body image behind and continue to feel as if they were in a large body.
5
Our planet is surrounded by a magnetic field, but it could vanish at any time. Around every 200,000 years the field reverses, which causes it to temporarily disappear. Earth¡¯s magnetic field plays a major role in protecting the planet from the sun¡¯s solar winds. Without the magnetic field, particles carried by the solar wind would directly impact Earth. This would consequently lead to disruptions in our communications systems and an expansion of the holes in the ozone layer. Any change could also disturb animals¡¯ migration patterns, because they depend on the magnetic field to navigate. Clearly, Earth after a reversal of the field would be seriously affected in many ways.
6
When I went to school, none of my teachers ever talked to me about what kind of work I¡¯d like to do in the future. In fact, there was never a discussion about possible careers during all the years that I was at school. Since one of the main objects of going to school is to prepare for adult life, a good school would have organized lectures or discussions intended to give students a broad view of different occupations. Of course some students might follow their parents¡¯ careers, but even these students would have benefited from the chance to learn about other kinds of job opportunities.
7
All of Dr. Lloyd Pinkham¡¯s students owe him a debt of gratitude. Had it not been for his guidance, none of us would be in the position of success we enjoy today. One of Dr. Pinkham¡¯s gifts was that, in addition to having an extraordinary grasp on native cultures, he was very easygoing. I remember the first time we met him. He was sitting in the classroom, wearing shorts and a t-shirt and sipping a soda. No one realized who he was, so we started chatting casually. It wasn¡¯t long before his knowledge showed through, and at that point he stood up, introduced himself, and delivered the best lecture I¡¯ve ever heard. I can barely hold back my tears at the thought of never seeing or talking with him again.
8
Aspiring writers often submit their work to writing contests in hopes of receiving a cash prize and, even better, recognition. Yet, were many of these writers to learn how many entries competitive contests actually receive, they might begin to despair. It¡¯s true that the best contests are entered by thousands, if not tens of thousands, of writers. But there are ways to ensure your submission rises above the others. To help your piece make it out of the preliminary judging rounds, you must guarantee that it meets all contest rules, including word limits and requests for personal information. There are many talented writers thrown out in the early stages who, had they followed the rules, would have had a shot at winning.
À¯Çüº° ¼ö´Éµ¶ÇØ 9
1
When considering the causes of *road rage, we must remember that human beings are territorial. We protect our personal space and act aggressively when others invade it.
(A) Such an attempt may include flashing our headlights or sounding our horn to chase off the attacker. However, sometimes this is not enough to
communicate our frustration.
(B) Our car, and the area immediately surrounding it, is an extension of our personal space. If another vehicle invades this territory by cutting us off, we take steps to defend ourselves.
(C) Therefore, we may resort to nonverbal communication like offensive hand gestures to express our contempt for the invading driver. Some call this road rage, but it¡¯s simply an instinctual reaction. *road rage: (±³Åë üÁõÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ) ¿îÀüÀÚÀÇ Â¥Áõ
2
Stamped bottle stoppers from Mesopotamia may be the oldest known evidence of product branding.
(A) At first, rural Mesopotamians made food and drinks, and they traded these goods directly with others. There was no trouble with it because people knew the producers in person.
(B) Their role was to let consumers know they were getting products of high quality. Gradually, the stamps of skilled producers became recognizable,
and the concept of product branding was born.
(C) Yet, as rural villages transformed into big cities, the origins of products became harder to determine. This is when they created personalized stone seals to mark the producers of food and drink.
3
While almost all objects are simply called ¡°it¡± in English, boats are generally referred to as ¡°she.¡±
(A) Another theory points out the fact that English once had an extensive system of grammatical gender, similar to that found in German, French, and Spanish. And in most Latin-based languages with grammatical gender, the word for ¡°ship¡± is feminine.
(B) One theory about this is that boats are called ¡°she¡± because they are typically given female names, traditionally the name of the boat owner¡¯s wife or mother. It is also suggested that in ancient times, all ships were dedicated to goddesses.
(C) Because English is also Latin-based, it is highly likely that it too once had a system of grammatical gender and later lost it. Supporters of this theory think that it was abandoned somewhere between the 5th and 12th centuries for practical purposes.
4~5
(A)
At first sight, Mars does not appear very welcoming to life. It has very little oxygen and water, and the temperature at night is below 50 degrees. However, it ¨ç is believed that there is enough ice at the poles to cover the planet with water if it melted. Although there is no life on Mars now, some scientists think that Mars was once similar to Earth, ¨è where life exists.
(B)
Although the whole process might take over 100,000 years, people wouldn¡¯t have to wait that long to live there. By building special glass covered structures to stay in, people could ¨é begin living on the planet in the next century.
(C)
They also believe that Mars could support life in the future if the right conditions ¨ê was created. The first step would be to find a way to heat up the planet¡¯s atmosphere. With warmth and water, simple plants could begin to grow. These plants could slowly ¨ë make it possible to live on the open surface of Mars.